ΤΟ ΚΑΡΑΒΙ ΤΗΣ ΚΕΡΥΝΕΙΑΣ
Kyrenia: Town of the Republic of Cyprus EU. : Established by CYPHEAS 1200-1600 BC Achaean Chieftain of KYRENIA Achaea GREECE.
THE ANCIENT HELLENIC SHIPWRECK OF KYRENIA
Η ΠΟΛΗ ΤΗΣ ΚΕΡΥΝΕΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ
ΠΩΣ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕ Η ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΡΑΒΙΟΥ
Map of Kyrenia before the Turkish invasion in 1974.
Χάρτης της πόλης της Κερύνειας . Γιατί "Κερυνεια" . Απο ιστορικούς όπως ο Λυκόφρονας φαίνεται ότι πρίν τον Τρωϊκό πόλεμο δύο Αρχηγοί ο Κηφέας και ο Πράξανδρος ξεκίνησαν απο τον Κορινθιακό κόλπο για την Τροία. Ο Κηφέας ήταν αρχηγός στην Βούρα Ωλενο Δύμη και την ΚΕΡΥΝΕΙΑ (της Αχαϊας η αρχαία πόλη υπάρχει ακόμη . Τα ερείπια της βρίσκονται πάνω απο το ΔΙΑΚΟΦΤΟ ) . Ο Πράξανδρος ήταν Λάκωνας . Μετά τον Τρωϊκό πόλεμο ίσως μεταξυ 1200 και 1600 π.Χ οι δυο αυτοί αρχηγοί ακολούθησαν με ούριο άνεμο (Μελτεμια-Βόρειοι Ανεμοι ) παραπλέοντας την Μυτιλήνη, Κώ, Σύμη έφθασαν στα Βόρεια παράλια της Κύπρου. Ο Πράξανδρος τράβηξε τα καράβια του στην περιοχή του Καραβά και ίδρυσε το πλουσιώτερο ίσως βασίλειο της Κύπρου το βασίλειο της Λαπήθου. Ο Κηφέας προχώρησε 5 περίπου ναυτικά μίλια Ανατολικώτερα και εκεί ίδρυσε μικρό βασίλειο το οποίο φαίνεται να ονόμασε ΚΕΡΥΝΕΙΑ όπως την Κερύνεια της Αχαϊας στην πατρίδα του . ολόκληρη η βόρεια ακτή της Κύπρου μέχρι το Ακρωτήριο του Αποστόλου Ανδρέα της Κύπρου ονομάσθηκε "ΑΧΑΙΩΝ ΑΚΤΗ" αφου εκέι έφθαναν κατα κύματα οι Αχαιοί απο την μητροπολιτική Ελλάδα.
ΠΩΣ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕ Η ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΡΑΒΙΟΥ
ΠΩΣ ΞΕΚΙΝΗΣΕ Η ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ ΤΟΥ ΚΑΡΑΒΙΟΥ
ο Ανδρέας Καριόλου ήταν ο Ιδρυτής και ιδιοκτήτης της Καταδυτικής σχολής αυτοδυτών της Κερύνειας απο το 1957. Η καταδυτική περίοδος Το καλοκαίρι ξεκινούσε περι τον Απρίλιο και συνέχιζε μέχρι και τον Οκτώβριο κάθε χρόνο στα ζεστά νερά της Κερύνειας μας. Οταν χειμωνιαζε ο Ανδρέας (Αρρής) ξεκινούσε την συλλογή και "καλλιέργεια" του σφογγαριού . Τον Νοέμβριο του 1965 καλιεργούσε το ζώο της θάλασσας που ονομάζεται σφογγάρι ή σπόγγος στα 33 μέτρα βαθος .Ξαφνικά στην επιφάνεια ξέσπασε Τραμουντάνα, (άνεμος απο 360 μοίρες) τα κύματα έσπρωχναν το καταδυτικό σκάφος με δύναμη και η άγκυρα μαζί με την αλυσίδα ξεκίνησαν να ξωσέρνουν στον λασπώδη βυθό ξεσηκώνοντας νέφη απο βαθειά σκούρα γκριζόμαυρη λάσπη. Αναγκαστικά ο Ανδρέας Καριόλου ακολούθησε τον δρόμο της άγκυρας και εκεί ξαφνικά είδε ένα μικρό βουναλάκι απο μεγάλο αριθμό 20-30 αρχαίους αμφορείς. Μετά απο 3-4 ημέρες και όταν ησύχασε η θάλασσα ο Ανδρέας χρησιμοποιώντας τις συστοιχίες του σημείου που είχε αναδυθεί για να ξαναεντοπίσει το ναυάγιο χωρίς φυσικά αποτέλεσμα αφου ίσως να είχε αναδυθεί ίσως ένα χιλιομετρο πιο μακριά. Ολόκληρο τον χειμώνα το 1966 το ξόδεψε ψάχνωντας συστηματικά στην ίδια ευθεία χωρίς αποτέλεσμα. Τελικά τον Ιανουάριο του 1967 το εντόπισε με μπουνάτσα, ήσυχη θάλασσα , τοποθετησε σημαντήρα , έφερε το σκάφος του ακριβως απο πάνω, πήρε τις δύο πολύτιμες συστοιχίες τράβηξε την αγκυρα και τον σημαντήρα και λετσι πλέον ήξερε ακριβως το σημείο του ναυαγίου. Τις επόμενες μέρες έβγαλε ένα αμφορέα και μου ζήτησε να βγάλω τις πρώτες μαυροασπρες φωτογραφίες με την ολοκαίνουργια μηχανή μου calypso/nikonos. Ετσι στην ουσία ξεκίνησε το μεγάλο ταξίδι!!!
KERYNIA-LIBERTY (KL) . Replica Construction - The second sea-going Experimental Replica.
“KERYNIA-LIBERTY”
The experimental nautical archaeology ship Replica of
THE SHIP OF KYRENIA
NAME: - The ship’s name is:
“KERYNIA-LIBERTY” after the name of our beloved hometown Kyrenia . Liberty defines the ship’s crew-members dedication towards a continuous effort to be liberated, from all those elements that divide and separate humanity, such as race, religion, party politics etc.
REGISTRATION: She is registered in Limassol (Reg.no: 711154) under the flag of the Republic of Cyprus a full member state, of the European Union.
DIMENSIONS: Her Length Over All (LOA) is 14,7 metres, Max.breadth is 4,2 metres and her depth is 1,8 metres. Her draught is from 0,45 metres to 1,4 metres depending on the load of her cargo.
THE GREAT DISCOVERY: The KERYNIA-LIBERTY is an exact replica of an ancient ship discovered in November 1965 at a depth of 100 feet (33 metres) by the Cypriot pioneer scuba diver and member of Kyrenia’s Municipal Council Andreas Cariolou+ (*26th April 1977 : posthumously decorated by the star of courage of the Canadian armed forces after sacrificing his life in a lifesaving attempt for a Canadian UN officer diver at 120 feet of Dhekelia Cyprus.).
The town of Kyrenia, our hometown, is situated on the North coast of the Republic of Cyprus, and the shipwreck area was approximately 1 nautical mile (1NM=1852 metres) to the East - Northeast of the Kyrenia harbour.
RAISING FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA: In July-August 1968 a team of expert Nautical Archaeologists under the leadership of late Prof.Michael.L.Katzev , excavated the shipwreck site. By the year 1973 work at the bottom of the sea was completed. The findings marked a unique success as this was the first time, an ancient ship was brought to light with more than 60 percent of her hull in a comparatively good state of preservation. This enabled scientists to learn a great number of unknown elements of ancient shipbuilding.
SAILING AND THE WRECK:The ancient ship was probably sailing from her home port in Cyprus or Rhodes or Samos, with just over 388 amphorae mainly from the island of Rhodes and probably after loading almonds in the port of Kyrenia sailed off for probably Palestine following a NE course for the coast line of Minor Asia and the Levantine commercial ports. It is probable that immediately after departure the ship suffered an accidental shifting of cargo (or bad weather or even some other human activity, piracy?) , which, in one way or another damaged her hull integrity (she was probably over 40-50 years old when she sunk!). She took a lot of water and subsequently sunk on a muddy seabed at a depth of 33 metres 1 N.M. East of Kyrenia Harbour, whilst crewmembers -being so close to land- holding on the yard or mast or other floating wooden paraphernalia were able to swim to safety with their valuables.
THE ANCIENT SHIP, “SHELL-FIRST” CONSTRUCTION: The hull of the vessel was discovered resting on the seabed covered with mud and silt, with the bow facing North-East (apprx. 030 deg) towards the open sea. She was a Hellenic merchant ship. Parts of her wood was cut, of Pine (PINUS BRUTIA) and her keel probably of black-pine, (pinus negra) in approximately 388 B.C (dated by Carbon 14 analysis). The hull was constructed by using the “shell first” method which means: after laying down the keel of the vessel, the ancient shipbuilder constructed the shell (the planking) of the hull first , before actually attaching inside, later on, the 53 frames!. The Ancient boat builder achieved this “shell-first” construction, by using –what is known, in present day terms- the “mortise and ten(d)on” method. (tenons and harmonias – τόρμοι και εντορμίες) Almost 8.000 Square holes were duck on the opposite sides of opposing planks and keel and then roughly 4.000 small oak-made (quercus cerris) square tenons where inserted firstly on the keel to be followed by the first plank and then joined to the next by accurately inserting the protruding tenons inside the opposite square holes of the next plank. Small Oak-wood or pine-wood cylindrical pegs where then carefully hammered into pre-drilled holes in order to lock the thousands of tenons in position. It is estimated by scientists that the ancient ship had over 4 thousand oak tenons and over 8 thousand square holes or “Harmonias” (tormoi and entormies=( τόρμοι και εντορμίες) as the ancient Hellenes used to call them!
Upon completion of placing two or three planks of shell, the hull was strengthened by frames or “ribs”. The frames where supported on the shell by an ingenious method using “wooden-rivets!!”: A rather large diameter hole was drilled passing through both, the frame and the plank of approximately 25 millimeter diameter hole received a hollow cylindrical softwood (pine) peg, which penetrated both frame and plank. Then a hand-made copper apprx. 300mm long nail was then inserted by carefully hammering from the outside, through the hollow of this cylindrical peg like in a modern rivet ! Then the protruding point of the nail, from the inside, was bended and hammered into the inner face of the frame holding robustly together plank and frame. (more or less looking like a “paper-staple”).
The ancient ship had an approximate length of 15 metres and a beam of 4,5 metres, the hull below the water line was covered by 1.5 to 2 millimeter thickness of lead sheathing offering probably protection from marine life and wood-worm (not so successful!).
THE ANCIENT CARGO: She was carrying a huge cargo of at least 388 Rhodian Amphorae (26 liters each, about 40 kilograms when full and 12-14 kilograms when empty) , she had a shingle ballast probably exceeding 1-1.500 kgs and had 29 pieces of 15 grain millstones made of andesite of volcanic origin probably from the Greek island of Nisyros (total=1.652 Kgs). Amongst many other, at least 10.000 almonds were found, which were cut from probably Kyrenian almond trees in approximately 289 B.C. (dated by Carbon 14 Analysis). Traces of grapes, lentils, and figs where also found. Ship repairing hand tools, fishing net lead weights, blocks and pulleys , iron spearheads and very few coins, a very strange looking iron key and personal crockery for 4 persons thus probably revealing the activities and the number of crewmembers on board. On the front (bow) part of the ship over 160 lead rings gave a clew as regards the sailing rigging. These lead-rings were carefully sawn on the leeward side (Forward-the side never exposed to the wind) of the ancient square sail in rows and vertical lines thus enabling the reefing of the sail upwards on the Yard. The mast step position was discovered but unfortunately no other parts including the mast, yard and rigging were preserved. It is sad to note that there was no evidence as regards the steering system of the vessel except some remains of a plank which one may assume that it could have been a part (the blade) of a steering oar or quarter rudder. The lead-remains of an old wooden anchor is also under study.
WHERE IS THE ANCIENT SHIP NOW: Laina Swiny and Susan Katzev members of the 1968 team (two of more than 50 prominent scientists), worked on the wreck for over 5 years and carefully recorded All the findings. These two American scientists still work and research on the findings, having devoted their entire life to the ship. The wood and almonds were preserved in polyethylene glycol by expert Francis-Talbot-Vasiliadou (fallen in love and became a Kyrenian her self!) Finally the ship was re-assembled in the castle of Kyrenia by the late Prof.Richard Steffy (A.I.N.A University of Texas). She is still there in the ships museum of the castle of Kyrenia, revealing to the many visitors our roots, the roots of the Kyrenians.
BUILDING OF THE FIRST REPLICA BY THE SHELL-FIRST METHOD: In 1984 Harris Tzalas a dedicated self taught historian, nautical archaeologist and researcher, president of the Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical tradition, conceived the idea of constructing an accurate and exact replica of the ancient ship of Kyrenia precisely following the lines and construction plan of the ancient ship, under the close and strict supervision and guidance of the two prominent Scientists, Professors Michael Katzev+ and Richard Steffy+ the KYRENIA-2. From 1986 to 1991 the KYRENIA-2 visited many countries and took part in numerous cultural and scientific events, including the USA, Germany, Japan, Spain and performed a magnificent return trip from Greece to Cyprus. The “KYRENIA-2” was confronted with considerable steering difficulties as no scientific evidence was present on the ergonomy of the steering system. The value and uniqueness of this naval architectural experiment dictated the necessity to avoid further exposure of the ship to the naturally expected sailing dangers and risks, so she had to be preserved as a Museum Exhibit in the Nautical Heritage Municipal Museum of “THALASSA” in Ayia Napa Cyprus.
THE KERYNIA-LIBERTY:In March 2002 the Kyrenia Nautical Club which provided the able crew and captain for the KYRENIA-2 experimental voyages, offered the idea of constructing a third experimental replica, to the “KYRENIA-CHRYSOCAVA CULTURAL FOUNDATION”, in order to give answers to the many still-remaining scientific questions regarding the ancient steering ergonomics, the sailing performance, the cargo stevedoring probabilities, the ship’s stability and performance under full load and many other important remaining questions, in order to complete this immense scientific puzzle.
The dream of the homesick Kyrenians materialized. On the 10thof November 2002 the “KERYNIA-LIBERTY” was launched by the CHARALAMBOS AVGOUSTIS, traditional Shipbuilding Company in Limassol and she sailed to Greece and back for the 2004 Athens Olympiad.
ON BOARD “KERYNIA-LIBERTY”: The ship has two steering oars or quarter rudders lashed by natural fiber rope, (Abaca – Musa Textilis Nee [manila rope] and also agabe-Sisalana [sisal rope]) one on each side on the after-cross-beam. The ship is steered by rotating the blades of the steering oars , round their loom-axis using two tillers, from the after deck, on opposing rotational hand-movements. The 11 metre 250 kgs mast, is positioned near the bow and it is supported by 3 port and 3 starboard natural fiber rope shrouds, the inner and outer forestays and one back stay (the back stay is not usually deployed), spliced on wooden thimbles exactly as the oak-thimbles discovered on the ancient ship.
The fore crossbeam is utilized during broad-reach sailing (sailing with the wind behind at port or starboard quarter) for achieving better sailing performance.
The ship’s single square-sail is made out of canvas replacing the ancient sail, which was made probably by woven hemp, cotton or linen (silk?). The sail is 11 metres wide by 5 metres height (sail area=55 sq.metres) and it is tied up by its head (top-side) on the wooden yard. The wooden yard is supported in position by two yardarm-halyards from the top of the mast, which are adjusting the yard and sail angle to the horizontal plane. The yard is mainly hoisted or lowered by the yard halyard which is supported by a system of tri-part-wooden pulleys exactly the same as those found on the ancient ship. One pulley is permanently attached to the yard whilst two pulleys are on the masthead thus allowing one single crew member to lift the yard and sail (85 kilograms) on to sailing position.
On top of the yard you may count 10 small wooden “fairleads” which ensure a smooth passage for the ten (rope) brails. These 10 brails are seen running from the top of the yard to the 10 be-laying pins on the after deck. These brails are components of the magnificent reefing machine of the ancient ship, which equals contemporary “furling-gear” seen on most modern, state of the art, sailing yachts!. When these 10 brails are released, the square sail unfolds down the yard and mast and opens allowing the wind to fill it up and the ship to start sailing. With 20 knots of wind KERYNIA-LIBERTYunladen can speed up to approximately 8 – 10 knots on a broad reach (with the wind behind at one quarter).
The two eyes or “ophthalmi”(oculus) of the ship painted one on each side of the bow are similar to those proudly carried, by most ancient ships. These enables our ship to discover, (in the stormy weather often unleashed by Aeolus and Poseidon against sinful mariners!!), the most safe and fast course to port, avoiding rocks and sea monsters and…. welcoming sea mermaids!!!
The initial Experiments were carried out by the crew of the KERYNIA-LIBERTY and by the two Scientists Suzan Womer Katzev and Helena Swiny. The mill stones were constructed by crew member (a refugee from Kyrenia) Kleanthis Moustakas from Kyrenia Cyprus and the Amphorae by Nikos Pandechis at Polemidhia Limassol in the free part of Cyrpus EU.
EXPERIMENTS
Experiments carried out in the bay of Limassol in the Republic of Cyprus with the exact items of the main load of the original Hellenic ship discovered by Andreas Cariolou back in 1965..
ANDREAS CARIOLOU
ANDREAS CARIOLOU
Andreas Cariolou was a prominent Cypriot Diving Instructor . One of the first to start diving with Cousteau - Cagnian Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) since 1957. In November 1965 Andreas Cariolou discovered a shipwreck at a depth of 33 metres as he was cultivating sea sponges.
RAISING FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE SEA: In July-August 1968 a team of expert Nautical Archaeologists under the leadership of late Prof.Michael.L.Katzev , excavated the shipwreck site. By the year 1973 work at the bottom of the sea was completed. The findings marked a unique success as this was the first time, an ancient ship was brought to light with more than 60 percent of her hull in a comparatively good state of preservation. This enabled scientists to learn a great number of unknown elements of ancient shipbuilding. (the shell first method)
ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΑ
ANDREAS CARIOLOU
Στο ναυάγιο της Κερύνειας έχουν βρεθεί μόνο αντικείμενα που δέν μπορούσαν να καταστραφούν απο το οξυγόνο της θάλασσας και άλλους παράγοντες. Απο την γάστρα του σκάφους έχουν επιβιώσει όλα τα μέλη του καραβιού ΚΑΤΩ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΑΛΟ ΓΡΑΜΜΗ ! περίπου 50% ίσως της γάστρας. Αρκετό όμως να μας δείξει πώς ακριβως ξεκινόύσε ο αρχαίος ναυπηγός την κατασκευή της ΝΗΑΣ !! Οι επιστήμονες με ανάλυση του ξύλου μας λένε ότι η καρίνα του καραβιού ήταν κατασκευασμένη απο πεύκο. Στην αρχή μας είχαν πεί ότι το πεύκο ήταν "ΧΑΛΕΠΙΑ ΠΕΥΚΗ" μετά όμως απο αρκετές έρευνες πείσθηκαν ότι η χαλέπια πεύκη (pinus halepensis) δέν θα μπορούσε να ήταν τόσο γερό ξύλο αλλά και δύσκολο όσο αφορά τον κορμό απο τον οποίο θα έπρεπε να υλοτομηθεί αφού η χαλέπια σπάνια ο κορμός παίρνει την ευθεία γραμμή (14,7 μέτρα) και επίσης είναι μαλακότερο ξύλο απο την ΤΡΑΧΕΙΑ ΠΕΥΚΗ (pinus brutia) . το πεύκο αυτό το βλέπουμε στην Κύπρο απο σχεδόν το επίπεδο της θάλασσας μέχρι και τα 1500 περίου μέτρα ψηλά στο τρόοδος. Κάποια απο τα μαδέρια του καραβιού φαίνεται να κόπηκαν απο τραχεία πεύκη (το "'ημερο" πευκο απο το οποίο βγαζουμε τα "πινόλια" για τα γλυκίσματα και τα κέϊκς είναι το πεύκο PINUS PINAEA, πίνους-πινέα , ήμερη πεύκη) . Οι επιστήμονες πιστευουν ότι το καρβι είχε επισκευασθεί σε σημαντικό βαθμό στην πλώρη τουλαχιστον 3 φορές ενω η ανάλυση του ξύλου με ΑΝΘΡΑΚΑ-14 (carbon-14) και "δένδροχρονολόγηση" δείχνει ότι η τραχεία πεύκη είχε κοπή περίπου το 380 π.Χ . (Τότε στην Κύπρο είχαμε τις "Πολεις-Βασίλεια" ιδιαίτερα το Βασίλειο της ΛΑΠΗΘΟΥ και η Κύπρος ήταν μάλλον κάτω απο Περσικό ζυγό. Τα αμύγδαλα που βρέθηκαν πάνω απο 10.000 αμύγδαλα που ίσως να κόπηκαν απο τις αμυγδαλιές της Κερύνειας (δέν έχει βρεθεί ακόμη απο που?) φαινεται πάλι απο την ανάλυση Ανθρακας-14 ή Καρβουνογραφία-14 (Carbon-14 / C14) το 280 π.Χ δηλαδή οι Πέρσες είχαν πλέον εκτοπισθεί και είμαστε στην πρώιμη ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΤΙΚΗ περίοδο κάτω απο τους Πτολεμαίους με διοικητικό κέντρο την Αλεξάνδρια στην Αίγυπτο. Οταν πέθανε το 323 ο Μεγας Αλέξανδρος στη μακρυνή Βαβυλώνα φαλινεται ότι η Λάπηθος Κερυνεια καΙ η Βόρεια ακτή τραβούσε υπέρ του Αντίοχου εντούτοις τελικά επεκράτησαν όμως οι Πτολεμαίοι. Η Κυπριακή ξυλεία στην ναυπηγική ήταν ακόμη πολύ διάσημη και χρήσιμη. Ενω τα Βασίλια της Λαπήθου και Κερύνειας έιχαν σημαντικές εμπορικές σχέσεις με τις απέναντι ακτές της Κιλικίας και της Παμφυλίας . Η κουλτούρα και οι συμπεριφορές τότε των κατοίκων της Επαρχίας Κερύνειας έκλειναν περισσότερο με τους Σπαρτιάτες παρά με τους Αθηναιους (όπως η Σαλαμίνα) . Δέν είναι αδύνατο το καράβι να είχε ναυπηγηθεί στην Κύπρο αφού ήταν η Κύπρος ακόμη Ναυπηγικό κέντρο.
Το πρώτο πείραμα με το καράβι ηταν το πείραμα ΝΑΥΠΗΓΗΣΗΣ . Αφού ο Καθηγητης RICHARD STEFFY (Dick Steffy o γιός του Λοραν / Loran Steffy εγραψε ένα θαυμάσιο βιβλίο για τον πατέρα του Dick : "THE MAN WHO THOUGHT LIKE A SHIP" ) κατόρθωσε και ετοίμασε το πρώτο στον κόσμο ναυπηγικό σχέδιο καραβιού Ελληνιστικών χρόνων με την βοήθεια τόσο των τότε υπολογιστών (1969-1970) αλλά και της παραδοσιακής "σάλας" του ναυπηγού. Βλέποντας τα σχέδια του Steffy ο εξαιρετος Ελληνας Αλεξανδρινός , λάτρης της Ενάλιας Αρχαιολογίας και γενικά του Αρχαίου Ελληνικού Πολιτισμου ΧΑΡΗΣ ΤΖΑΛΑΣ Πρόεδρος του ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΣΙΑΣ ΝΑΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΑΡΑΔΟΣΗΣ με τον Γιάννη Παντζόπουλο (Γραμματέας) και τον ιδιοκήτη του παραδοσιακού ναυπηγείου ΨΑΡΟΥ στπ Πέραμα Μανώλη Ψαρό , έιχαν την ιδέα και ζήτησαν την βοήθεια των δύο επιστημόνων Michael Lazar Katzev και Richard Steffy να ναυπηγήσουν ένα ακριβές ομοίωμα του αρχαίου καραβιού της Κερύνειας αφού είχαν το Ναυπηγικό σχέδιο ( Lines Plan